Incitatus, the horse of Roman Emperor Caligula, became famous due to the extraordinary privileges and honors bestowed upon him, symbolizing the emperor’s eccentricity and the excesses of his reign. This story has captured the imagination of many, illustrating the bizarre aspects of Roman imperial history.
Who Was Incitatus?
Incitatus was a favored horse of Emperor Caligula, who ruled from 37 to 41 AD. Known for his extravagant lifestyle and unpredictable behavior, Caligula’s treatment of Incitatus is often cited as an example of his eccentricity. The horse was said to have been housed in a marble stall, fed oats mixed with gold flakes, and attended by servants.
Why Did Caligula Favor Incitatus?
Caligula’s Eccentricities
Caligula’s reign was marked by a series of extravagant and often bizarre actions. His favoritism towards Incitatus is believed to have been a reflection of his desire to mock the Roman Senate and demonstrate his absolute power. By elevating a horse to such a high status, Caligula showcased his disregard for traditional Roman values and institutions.
Symbol of Power and Mockery
Some historians suggest that Caligula’s treatment of Incitatus was intended as a satirical commentary on the political elite of Rome. By treating a horse better than many humans, Caligula could have been expressing his contempt for the Senate, highlighting their perceived incompetence compared to even a favored animal.
What Honors Did Incitatus Receive?
Incitatus was not only pampered but also allegedly nominated for a consulship, a high-ranking position in Roman government. Although it is debated whether Caligula genuinely intended to appoint Incitatus as consul, the notion itself was enough to scandalize and amuse contemporaries and later historians.
Lavish Lifestyle
- Marble Stall: Incitatus reportedly lived in a luxurious stable made of marble.
- Golden Accessories: The horse wore a collar of precious stones and was fed with gold-flecked oats.
- Servants: A retinue of servants attended to Incitatus’s needs, ensuring he lived in comfort.
How Has Incitatus’s Story Endured Over Time?
Historical Accounts
The story of Incitatus has been passed down through the writings of ancient historians such as Suetonius and Cassius Dio. These accounts, though possibly embellished, have contributed to the enduring fascination with Caligula’s reign and his peculiar relationship with his horse.
Cultural Impact
Incitatus’s tale has become a symbol of the excesses and absurdities of power. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked authority and the potential for leaders to prioritize personal whims over governance.
People Also Ask
Was Incitatus Really Made a Consul?
There is no concrete evidence that Incitatus was officially made a consul. The story is likely exaggerated by ancient historians to illustrate Caligula’s eccentricity and disdain for the Senate.
Why Did Caligula Choose a Horse?
Caligula’s choice of a horse like Incitatus to receive honors was likely a deliberate act of mockery, intended to ridicule the political system and assert his dominance over the Roman elite.
How Did Incitatus’s Story Reflect Roman Society?
Incitatus’s story reflects the decadence and instability of Roman society during Caligula’s reign. It highlights how absolute power could lead to bizarre and extravagant displays, challenging traditional societal norms.
What Happened to Incitatus After Caligula’s Death?
After Caligula’s assassination in 41 AD, Incitatus likely returned to a more typical life for a horse. The new emperor, Claudius, did not continue the extravagant treatment of Incitatus.
Are There Modern Comparisons to Incitatus?
Modern comparisons to Incitatus often arise in discussions about leaders who prioritize personal interests over governance. The story serves as a metaphor for the absurdities that can occur when power is unchecked.
Conclusion
The tale of Incitatus endures as a fascinating anecdote from Roman history, offering insights into the eccentricities of Emperor Caligula and the political climate of ancient Rome. While the story may be exaggerated, it continues to captivate audiences, serving as a reminder of the potential excesses of power. For more on Roman history, consider exploring the lives of other notable emperors or the broader political dynamics of the Roman Empire.