Caligula, the infamous Roman emperor, is often remembered for his eccentric and tyrannical behavior. One of the most peculiar stories associated with him is that he made his horse, Incitatus, a consul. But did Caligula really make Incitatus a consul? While this tale is widely circulated, historical evidence suggests it is more legend than fact.
Did Caligula Really Make Incitatus a Consul?
The claim that Caligula appointed his horse as consul is largely considered a myth. Ancient sources, such as the writings of Suetonius and Cassius Dio, mention Caligula’s extravagant plans for Incitatus, but they stop short of confirming that Incitatus actually held the title of consul. Instead, these accounts suggest that Caligula’s actions were intended to mock the Roman political system and its officials.
What Was Caligula’s Relationship with Incitatus?
Caligula’s fondness for his horse, Incitatus, is well-documented. According to historical accounts, Caligula went to great lengths to pamper Incitatus, providing the horse with a marble stall, an ivory manger, purple blankets, and even a house with a staff of servants. These actions highlight Caligula’s eccentricity and his desire to shock and provoke the Roman elite.
Why Did Caligula Want to Make Incitatus a Consul?
There are several theories about why Caligula might have considered making Incitatus a consul:
- Mocking the Senate: Caligula’s relationship with the Roman Senate was notoriously contentious. By suggesting that his horse could hold a high political office, he may have been ridiculing the senators and their perceived incompetence.
- Demonstrating Power: Appointing a horse as consul would have been a dramatic demonstration of Caligula’s absolute power, emphasizing that he could elevate anyone—or anything—to high office.
- Eccentricity: Caligula was known for his unpredictable behavior, and this story fits well with other anecdotes about his reign.
What Do Historical Sources Say About Incitatus?
Suetonius and Cassius Dio’s Accounts
Suetonius, a Roman historian, wrote in "The Twelve Caesars" that Caligula planned to make Incitatus a consul. Cassius Dio, another ancient historian, echoed this claim, noting that Caligula had promised the consulship to his horse. However, neither source provides evidence that the appointment was ever formalized.
Modern Interpretations
Modern historians generally view the story as an exaggeration or satire. It serves as an example of the extreme and bizarre nature of Caligula’s rule, rather than a literal historical event.
People Also Ask
Did Caligula Really Love His Horse?
Caligula’s affection for Incitatus is well-documented, with accounts of lavish treatment and gifts. However, his actions were likely more about making a statement than genuine affection for the animal.
What Other Strange Things Did Caligula Do?
Caligula is known for numerous bizarre acts, such as declaring himself a god, building a bridge across the Bay of Baiae, and allegedly ordering the sun not to rise. These stories reflect his eccentric and often irrational behavior.
How Long Did Caligula Rule?
Caligula ruled as Roman emperor from AD 37 to AD 41, a brief and tumultuous reign marked by extravagance and cruelty. His assassination in AD 41 ended his controversial rule.
Was Caligula a Mad Emperor?
While some sources portray Caligula as insane, modern historians debate the accuracy of these claims. His actions may have been driven by a combination of mental instability, political strategy, and a desire for absolute power.
What Happened to Incitatus After Caligula’s Death?
There is little information about Incitatus’s fate following Caligula’s assassination. It is likely that the horse’s lavish lifestyle ended, as subsequent emperors would have had little interest in maintaining such extravagance.
Conclusion
The story of Caligula appointing Incitatus as consul is a fascinating example of how historical anecdotes can capture the imagination. While the tale is likely more fiction than fact, it endures as a symbol of Caligula’s extravagant and controversial rule. For those interested in the complexities of Roman history, exploring the life and times of Caligula offers a glimpse into the challenges and intrigues of imperial power.
For further exploration, consider reading about other Roman emperors and their impact on history, including Augustus and Nero. Understanding the broader context of Roman politics can provide valuable insights into the dynamics of ancient Rome.